Future Modeling

Future Modeling of Reward Motivation

Sigmund Freud’s earlier tenet asserted that people (are motivated) and aim to attain pleasure, avoid pain, and maintain stability and equilibrium. People (are motivated) and prefer to be in certain states of pleasure (of positive well-being) and seek to avoid unpleasant, painful states. In fact, “much of behavior is carried out in the service of achieving and maintaining goal states… that people prefer to be in … (e.g. those producing pleasure) and … avoid other states (e.g. those producing pain)” (Stein & Colleagues, 1993).  People also seek to avoid unpleasant states and pain.  (Read more)

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Future Models of Emotion

Outcome-elicited emotions to previous goal-directed problem-solving and behavior are often experienced in a seeming rapid-fire succession. Oftentimes it is difficult to empirically discern, differentiate, and conceptualize the temporal progression of viscero-physiological responses and their relationship with cognitive and emotional component responses. Increases in arousal and heart rate and cardiac output, cooccur and often become confused with emotion. For example, social interactions that provoke anger, elicit increases in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cardiac output. Interactions that elicit fear also involve increases in mean arterial output. (Read more)

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Future Modeling of Appraisals

There are six different appraisal processes that are expressed during a reward task or during the course of emotional interpersonal interactions. The first three appraisals (1-3) are appraisals that are specifically associated with the stimulus and the development of and appraised efficacy of behavioral strategies, which would support selected future behaviors and actions. I would liken these appraisals to preliminary appraisals. The second appraisals (4-7) are appraisals that are linked with environmental outcome to one’s actions and behaviors. This temporal pattern is commensurate with different emotions, like sadness and fear and then later guilt and shame. (Read more)

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